Warnings Offered by Jane Austen about the Moral Dangers of...

What Warnings Does Jane Austen offer About the Moral Dangers of Persuasion? My essay will be exploring the different forms of persuasion, where it occurs in the story and the effects that it has upon the characters in the novel. In its most basic form persuasion means Gaining power over others. Which means to influence others into acting in a way in which you want them to via exploitation. The essay will therefore, be looking at the different moral dangers faced by the characters and how they act upon them. Throughout the novel, persuasion is expressed in many different forms with many different outcomes. One of the most obvious and most powerful ways it is expressed is through family persuasion. Family persuasion means†¦show more content†¦For instance when Captain Wentworth (who was a mere soldier at the time) proposed to Anne when she was eighteen, she would have very willingly accepted his offer because she felt very strongly for him. If it hadnt of been for Lady Russell that is who dissuaded Anne to marry him because he was too headstrong and wouldnt make it through life. Young and gentle as she was, it might yet have been possible to withstand her fathers ill-will, though unsoftened by one kind word or look on the part of her sister; but Lady Russell, whom she had always loved and relied on, could not, with such steadiness of opinion, and such tenderness of manner, be continually advising her in vain. She was persuaded to believe the engagement a wrong thing--indiscreet, improper, hardly capable of success and not deserving it. Lady Russell clearly believed therefore, that if Anne had married him then she would be just throwing her life away because of a soldier who had nothing but himself to offer her. Anne reluctantly agrees with Lady Russell and declines his offer. In reality Anne never forgets him and never loses the feelings she had for him when she was eighteen. For then ten years later when Anne had reached twenty-eight she would meet him again not as a soldier but as Captain Wentworth - a very wealthy man indeed! Now when Anne and Captain Wentworth have been thrust into each others

Business Ethics Of Microsoft Corporation - 989 Words

Business ethics is the set of moral rules that govern how businesses operate, how business decisions are made, and how people are treated. In business, moral rules are applied by a corporation to determine how best to treat its employees, shareholders and customers. Microsoft Corporation is an American based company offering software solutions worldwide. Microsoft Corporation is one of the largest American based corporations when it comes to product sales. It faces competition from Apple and other software production companies in the United States and around the world. The company has roots in over one hundred countries in the world, with its owner rated as the richest man in the United States. Microsoft upholds high ethical standards when it comes to conducting business and internal company values, it’s been on the Ethisphere Institute’s list of the World’s Most Ethical Companies every year since they began issuing the list in 2011. Their mission is to enable people and organizations throughout the world to do more and achieve more by creating technology that transforms the way people learn, work, play, and communicate. Well known for development and market software, services, and devices that deliver new opportunities, gre ater convenience, and enhanced value to people’s lives. Principle 1 of the Caux Round Table’s Principles for Responsible Business is respecting Stakeholders beyond Shareholders. Businesses should have goals that extent beyond economic survival,Show MoreRelatedInternal and External Factors of Management1396 Words   |  6 Pagestop 500 largest companies in the United States (Time Warner Co., 2008). Being ranked no. 44 in 2008, Microsoft has increased its revenues 15.4% since 2006 because of its continued efforts to release latest technology (Time Warner Co., 2008). To understand how Microsoft continues to lead in profits, sales and technology, the consumer must realize internal and external factors influence how Microsoft performs and operates. In depth, Microsoft’s planning functions are influenced by the consumer’s needRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Business Model And Manager s Ethical Values999 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility is an ethics that is concerned with a company’ s value towards society (Daft, 44). In the book management Daft states, CSR as essentially a concept under which companies voluntarily contribute towards making a better society and a cleaner environment. The book basically has divided CSR into four subdivisions: economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities. CSR needs a proper organizational environment to be effective and in such a scenario one can say thatRead MoreMicrosoft Internal And External Factors1652 Words   |  7 PagesTrends Business Environment: Successful companies practice a disciplined management strategy which encompasses the four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The application of these management practices is evident in further analyzing the management construct of Microsoft Corporation. A global corporation who specializes in providing technology solutions for five different business segments ranging from personal computers to gaming devices, Microsoft has demonstratedRead MoreUnited States V Microsoft: a Case for Antitrust Ethics Courses1182 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States v Microsoft: a Case for Antitrust Ethics Courses Eva Marie Cole BUS 670 Prof. Troy Tureau October 17, 2011 United States v Microsoft: a Case for Antitrust Ethics Courses In 1994, Microsoft Corporation was sued by the Department of Justice on behalf of the United States for violating  §2 of the Sherman Act â€Å"†¦by engaging in monopolization through a series of exclusionary and anticompetitive acts designed to maintain its monopoly power† (Mallor, Barnes, Bowers, amp; Langvardt,Read MoreMicrosofts Management Planning Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis of Microsoft’s history and the impact that legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility have on the planning functions of management. It will also analyze the factors that influence the Microsoft’s strategic, operational, and contingency planning. The Microsoft corporation is one of the most prevalent and powerful companies in the private computer business. Established in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates, Microsoft has the strongest presence in just about all areas of computerRead MoreCompanys Corporate Social Responsibility Practices1665 Words   |  7 Pagesis your reputation stand for as a corporation often more matters than what products or services you offer. How the people feel about a company is solely based on their perceptions of good feelings, admiration, esteem, and finally, their trust in the company’s Corporate Social Responsibility practices (CSR). The companies with the best reputations will receive recognition from the public for their efforts and are on the right path of building a sustainable business for the future. A good reputationRead MoreEssay Recruitment and Selection of Microsoft Employees1475 Words   |  6 Pagespractice as such laws offer a framework for employee rights (Myers, 2003). Certainly, in order for corporations to obtain competitive advantage, the recruitment and selection HRM practices must allocate individuals with competencies and a willingness to demonstrate their valuable behaviors (Sivertzen, Nilsen, Olasef, 2013). Recruitment/Selection and Microsoft Corporation In the beginning of Microsoft, the recruiting policies were intended to find intellectual human beings that were capable of contributingRead MoreEthics issue in Pirates of Silicon Valley959 Words   |  4 Pages Business Ethics Ethics Issues in â€Å"Pirates of Silicon Valley† The film, â€Å"Pirates of Silicon Valley,† is a review of the building of both Apple Computer and Microsoft as told through the lens of people that worked with both Steve Jobs at Apple and Bill Gates at Microsoft. The film addresses both the inner working of the two companies and the ethical issues that arise from their leaders, Jobs and Gates, desire to be the most important person in their chosen industry. While the film primarilyRead MoreStrategy for Competing with Microsoft: Fight or Flight?978 Words   |  4 PagesASSIGNMENT Course Title: Introduction to Business Course Code: BUS 503 Sec: -- Submitted To: --------------------- Lecturer, MBA Program, BRAC University Submitted By: S. N. S. Date of Submission: 14/08/2013 Case 2.1: Strategy for Competing with Microsoft: Fight or Flight? Question-1: Was it ethical for Microsoft to force users of its Windows operating system to use its internet browsers as well by bundling the programs together and preventing PC manufacturers from makingRead MoreEthics And Ethical Business Practices1495 Words   |  6 Pagesethical business is very important, especially in today’s society. Even though a business may seem to be ethical, if any part of the business does not adhere to ethically business practices, it can cause major issues for a company. This happened to Microsoft when it was confronted for violating several antitrust laws. The concern was that Microsoft was creating a monopoly, particularly within in the internet browser industry. The result was that Microsoft was sued for unethical business practices

Mkt 421 Week 3 Kudler Paper Free Essays

Marketing Research: Kudler Fine Foods Susan Karr MKT 421 October 1, 2012 Ricci Rizzo Marketing Research: Kudler Fine Foods In order to succeed, it is fundamental that businesses satisfy consumers’ needs (and desires) for goods and services. Appropriate market research provides the data necessary to understand those needs and respond to them effectively and profitably. Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) has performed market research in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Mkt 421 Week 3 Kudler Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of that research has been helpful; some has not. Additional market research is needed for KFF to reach a larger share of the market and increase profitability. Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet grocery store. KFF sells meat, produce, cheese, and wine. They also provide catering services. KFF has targeted two market segments, high-income consumers and gourmands (gourmet food enthusiasts) (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011, Sales Plan 2007 webpage). These markets were selected based on the strengths owner Kathy Kudler brings to her organization. Gourmet food is Kathy’s passion. KFF has used historical data, customer surveys, and feedback from its sales force to discover what its target market wants. Observing patterns in historical data and extending those patterns to predict the future, or trend extrapolation, is the â€Å"best-known statistical method† for predicting future sales (Kerin, Hartley, amp; Rudelius, 2011, p. 215). Salesforce survey forecasts, such as the feedback from managers at the operations review meetings on the sample offerings Kathy is considering, are another logical approach to discovering what the target customer wants (Kerin, Hartley, amp; Rudelius, 2011, p. 215). KFF’s customer surveys are an additional tool used to fine-tune what their customers (new and existing) really want. The company has begun to track customer purchase behavior to forecast which products and services are most likely to be in demand and when specifically (year-round, seasonally, holidays, etc. ). KFF is considering addressing changes in consumer expectations in the changing e-commerce arena (KFF currently has an informational website that consumers can visit). KFF believes quality and specialty items, especially new ones, are most important to its customers. Kudler Fine Foods has no direct competition with other gourmet grocery stores in their current locations. Kathy chose the locations for this reason and for their accessibility to KFF’s target high income consumers. KFF has been emphasizing direct mail promotions to high income zip codes, word-of-mouth advertising via satisfied customers, and personal sales promotions both in-store and at various community events. Although Kudler Fine Foods has chosen two very specific markets to target, a more thorough understanding of those target markets is needed to deliver what they want. One of KFF’s target markets is gourmands. KFF’s research focus in this area has been primarily on the supply side: Kathy monitors what products the competition is offering, what products are advertised in gourmet magazines, and what products are shown at gourmet conventions and websites. To discover what gourmands want, KFF also needs to research the demand side. Mining on-line blogs and gourmet food forums are two ways KFF can increase its understanding of what gourmands want. Customer surveys, such as the ones KFF currently uses in-store, can also be revised and used both in-store and on-line. Specific areas to be researched include: * What products do they want? A changing selection of items or traditional items? * The newest items available or a more specific selection, such as local artisan wines and cheeses? * When do they want it? * Are there different times when certain items are desired more or less? * What do they want over the holiday season? Or during the summer versus the winter? * Where / how do they wan t it delivered? * Do they want to shop for it and prepare it themselves? If so, do they want to be able to shop on-line? * Do they want to attend classes to learn how to use the products? * Are they interested in on-line tutorials? * How much do they want the product to cost? Note: Based on answers to KFF’s 2011 Customer Survey, price is one area where additional research is vital. More than 50% of respondents did not feel the merchandise was a â€Å"good value for the money† (Kudler Fine Foods, 2011, 2011 Market Survey webpage). * What do they expect to pay? * What are they willing to pay? (Rizzo, 2012). Additional research is needed to more effectively reach KFF’s other target market, high income consumers. Currently KFF segments this market geographically based on zip code areas determined by various factors to be â€Å"higher-income† areas (based on real estate prices, for example). Although somewhat targeted, this promotional method uses the â€Å"shotgun† approach: direct mail is â€Å"blasted† over an area in hopes of reaching the target (Response Targeted Marketing, 2010). Past sales data (information on customers who spent over a certain amount or purchased large quantities) can be mined to determine where they live and how much they make. This demographic information can then be used to procure or generate lists of similar people. Using direct mail promotions, the target market can be contacted more effectively. It is important that KFF take measures to track the results of marketing campaigns. For example, if a direct mail postcard with a promotional offer is sent out, tracking sales generated from that offer will tell KFF if they are reaching their target or wasting their time and need to re-aim. This also means asking customers directly how they found out about KFF or what brought them into the store. Again, updating the current Customer Survey is a simple way to accomplish this. Kudler Fine Foods can improve its marketing strategy by focusing on three competitive intelligence priorities: 1. Understanding the consumer environment 2. Assessing and tracking competitor’s actions 3. Providing early warnings of opportunities and threats Several of the recommendations for increasing understanding of the target market will also help KFF understand the consumer environment better. Increased utilization of internet technology, such as implementing on-line surveys and monitoring gourmet consumer blogs and forums, is simple and cost-effective. Continuing to monitor competitors as Kathy has in the past is also important. To prioritize this, KFF’s department heads and managers can contribute to intelligence gathering, paying particular attention to competition, customers, and trends relevant to their areas of expertise. Most of this information can be gathered during customer and employee interactions; some will require research via internet, magazine, and the gourmet food community, even visiting competitors’ stores. Communication is vital to provide KFF with early warning of threats and opportunities. Kathy visits the stores personally: Discussing consumers and competitors, not just products and services, with employees and managers during these visits will ensure opportunities, as well as threats, are revealed in a timely manner. Kudler Fine Foods has begun to develop a foundation for successfully marketing its products and services. It is important that KFF perform additional research in some areas and continue to modify and improve on its marketing strategy. By updating it Customer Survey, capitalizing on information freely available on the internet and taking advantage of information previously gathered, KFF can reach a larger share of the gourmet foods retail market and increase profitability. References Kerin, R. , Hartley, S. amp; Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing (10th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Kudler Fine Foods (2011). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/intranet/sales-plan. asp Response Targeted Marketing (2010). Shotgun Marketing Versus Targeted Marketing: 8 Steps To Focus Your Energies And Get More Sales For Less Investment. Retrieved from http://www. responsetargetedmarketing. com/2010/02/05/shotgun-marketing-versus-targeted-marketing-8-steps-to-focus-your-energies-and-get-more-sales-for-less-investment/ Rizzo, R. (2012). Marketing Process. Retrieved from http://www. screencast. com/t/R65nHl3j8ARl How to cite Mkt 421 Week 3 Kudler Paper, Papers

Maritime Law Essay Summary Example For Students

Maritime Law Essay Summary Maritime LawThe value of many shipments depends upon fluctuations in the currency rates,freight, handling charges, and other expenses. By means of insurance protectionwill be provided to goods from any uncontrollable variables. A contract ofMarine Insurance is defined by section 7 of the Marine Insurance Act of 1909 as:A contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in mannerand to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, thelosses incident to marine adventure.The purpose of marine insurance is toprovide protection against financial loss for an amount, which is as close aspossible to the actual loss recognized. Marine insurance is a contract by whichone party for a specified consideration promises to pay another party a sum ofmoney on the loss of goods that are subject to marine transport. Thereforemarine insurance is a contract of indemnity, which is a contract ofreimbursement, and the amount redeemable is measured by the extent of theass ureds or the insureds financial loss. The terms and conditions of thecontract entered into with the insurer determine the amount of reimbursementthat is to be received by the insured. A contract of marine insurance is embodied in a policy, which specifies:1- The name of the insured, or of some person who effects the insurance on hisbehalf. 2- The subject matter insured and the risk insured against. 3- The voyage, or period of time, or both, as the case may be, covered by theinsurance. 4- The sum or sums insured. 5- The names of the insurers.The promissor in an insurance contract is called the insurer or underwriter, theperson to whom the promise is made is the insured, assured or the policyholderand finally the contract is referred as the policy. In order to avoid these situations marine cargo insurance has different coveragefor different purposes. http://uniserve.edu.au/law/pub/icl/marincon/MarineInsuranceandCargoCla.htmlhttp://ra.irv.uit.no/trade_law/documents/insurance/mia_1906/art/mia_1906.html#01General Average Loss 55 Section 72(1) says that a general average loss is any loss or damagevoluntarily incurred for the general safety of the ship and cargo. For example,where goods are thrown overboard in a storm for the purposes of saving a ship,and the rest of the cargo. The Admiral Zmajevic (1983) 2 LLR 86. 56 Section 72(3) says that the several persons interested in the ship,freight and cargo mustcontribute rateably to indemnify the person whose goodshave been sacrificed against all buthis proportion of the general loss. 1.Does your policy cover perils?2.Does it cover war risks and riots?Due to events like the Los Angeles 3.Does it cover?Nature of Marine Insurance 1 Marine Insurance deals with the insuranc..e of marine risks. 5 There are a number of terms used in marine insurance, as follows:5.1 The contract of Marine Insurance is generally referred to asthe Policy;5.2 The insurer is the underwriter;5.3 The property insured is called the subject matter of theinsurance;5.4 The assureds interest in that subject matter is called theinsurable interest;5.5 The payment or consideration for which the insurer undertakesto indemnify the insured is called the premium. http://ra.irv.uit.no/trade_law/documents/insurance/mia_1906/art/mia_1906.html#01 Does your policy cover perils. This is damage caused to your goods due to:heavy weather conditions, salt water damage, collisions, fires, jettisons(voluntary dumping overboard of either cargo or ships material to protectproperty from a common danger)? 2.Does it cover war risks and riots? Due to events like the recent LosAngeles riots and warlike situations occurring worldwide, this point needs muchattention and consideration. Situations arise most often without warning and mayresult in damage to your merchandise. .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a , .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .postImageUrl , .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a , .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:hover , .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:visited , .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:active { border:0!important; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:active , .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u826c3041d9b843bd15d86231ff798b6a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poverty In US Essay 3.Does it cover General Average? This is a loss resulting from a voluntarysacrifice of any part of the vessel or cargo, or an expenditure to safeguard thevessel and the remainder of the cargo. In a declared General Average, thefinancial responsibility you bear is determined by the value of your cargo inrelation to the total values involved in the voyage. This cost can sometimestotal more than the value of your merchandise. http://www.ghgcorp.com/ftnet/pubserv/brokerag.html#INSURANCE MARINE CARGOINSURANCE AGREEMENT (Sample Agreement)Policy Number:Assured:Phone:FAX:Loss Payee:Commodity:Valuation: Amount of invoice, including all charges therein and including pre-paid and/or advanced and/or guaranteed freight charges, if any, plus 10%. Foreign currency to be converted into dollars at current rate of exchange in NewYork. Voyage:Coverage: Insured against all risks of physical damage from any external cause,irrespective of percentage, including the risks of wars, strikes, riots civilcommotion, from warehouse to warehouse. Rate:Date of Proposal:____ I hereby authorize (Shipper) to insure all of my shipments on and after _____________________ subject to the above agreement. ____ I hereby decline insurance coverage and fully understand that (Shippers)limited liability is $500.00 per shipping package (ocean), $9.07 per pound (air)or $0.50 per pound (domestic). _________________________________________________________________Name/Title SignatureDate of Acceptance/Declination

Royal Automotive Management

On The QT

On The QT On The QT On The QT By Sharon Opinions are divided on the origin of the expression on the QT, a slang expression which indicates that the subject under discussion is confidential. Most people agree that its simply an abbreviation of quiet, albeit a strange one, using the first and last letters. However, both the US and the UK claim first ownership of this phrase. US wordsmiths cite that countrys love of abbreviations, as evidenced by OK, PDQ and others, as evidence that on the QT fell into this tradition. The British claim comes via Robert Hendrickson, in The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. Hendrickson says that on the QT comes from a British ballad in 1870. However, this has been disputed as he provided no evidence for the claim. Back in the US, the Cambridge Jeffersonian of Ohio is reported to have published a vaudeville song from 1879 with the line: She tipples on the strict QT. George Moores A Mummers Wife seems to be the first place that the phrase appears in print. This was published in 1884. The phrase fell out of regular use for a while, then became popular once again as part of the tagline for LA Confidential in 1997: off the record, on the QT and very hush-hush. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should Avoid15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsPeople vs. Persons

TMA04_B200B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TMA04_B200B - Essay Example Weber saw all large organisations as bureaucratic in nature and the need to control and regulate work routines. Emile Durkheim was much less concerned with matters of work and organisation than Weber and Marx (Lincoln, 2004) but did write substantially on culture, which has an indirect significance for the study of organisations. Weber argued that organizations are means of coordinating human activities and what they produce in a systematic way, and emphasized the role of controlling information in developing organisations as well as written rules related to its functioning. In short, his concept of the bureaucratic organisation is characterised by a clear hierarchical structure, rules and regulations, division of labour and specialisation etc. In a bureaucracy, roles and relationships are clearly defined, and it is based on a legal-rational type of authority derived â€Å"from the belief in the legitimacy of law† (Nickinovich, 2000, p. 267). Also in a bureaucracy, offices are clearly specified and officials are appointed on the basis of a contract being subject to a unified control and disciplinary system (Salaman reader, p. 98-99). Weber regarded bureaucracy as â€Å"the most efficient way of running large organisations† (Buchanan, 1997, p. 366) because of its rational basis, and likened them to sophisticated machines. He also associated it with precision, reliability and speed. It is the standardisation in terms of rules and procedures to govern employee behaviour and decisions taken according to set criteria, that gives bureaucracy its strength. This is because â€Å"rules serve to direct individual action in ways that promote the technical efficiency of the organisation† (Nickinovich, 2000, p. 268). Contrary to Weber regarding bureaucracy as efficient, in practice it is also considered to be inefficient, so much so that the term ‘bureaucracy’ now has some negative connotations as it did

Acids and bases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acids and bases - Essay Example Acids and bases exhibit different sets of properties that classify them along the pH scale. Concentration of hydrogen ions in aqueous acidic solutions classifies the substances bellow pH value of seven, neutral state, while hydroxide ions concentration classifies alkaline solutions above seven in the pH scale. Presence of cat ions and anions in the basic and acidic solutions, as chemical properties, allows for reaction between acids and bases to form ionic salts and covalently bonded water molecules. Acids also react with metals and carbonates to form salts together with hydrogen gas and water and carbon (IV) oxide respectively (Moore, p. 171; CK-12, p. n.p.). Hydrochloric acid for example reacts with sodium hydroxide to yield sodium chloride and water. Similarly, zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas (Moore, p. 171; CK-12, p. n.p.). Acids and bases have different sets of properties that can be used to investigate them. Effects of the properties such as the corrosive nature of acids can physically indicate their presence. Acids also have a characteristic sourness and turn a litmus paper to red, a feature that used to test for acidity (Files, p. 1). Moore explains that acids have a corrosive effect that burns the skin. The chemicals also react with metals to form salt and hydrogen as shown bellow. Similarly, acids react with carbonates to form salt, water, and carbon (IV) oxide and with bases to form salt and water. Sodium hydroxide for example react with hydrochloric acid forming sodium chloride and water while hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate to form calcium chloride, carbon (IV) oxide and water as shown bellow. Bases however, â€Å"taste bitter, feel slippery on the skin, react with oil and greases, react with litmus paper and turn it blue† and form salt and water upon reaction with

Immanuel Kant's critique of happiness as an ethical principle Term Paper

Immanuel Kant's critique of happiness as an ethical principle - Term Paper Example Immanuel Kant's critique of happiness as an ethical principle In his deontological theory, which is based on duty, he emphasized on the pre-eminence of reason that lead to the actions. He indicates that it is a person’s duty to act morally by obeying the moral law. He mentions, â€Å"Everyone must admit that if a law is to have a moral force, that is, to be a basis of an obligation, it must carry with it absolute necessity† (Kant, 1785, p.51) ii. Kant defines duty as practical and unconditional necessity of action which holds true for all rational beings. (Kant, 1785, p. 26) Kant describes happiness as a natural purpose of life. He quotes, â€Å"All rational beings that are dependent; and thus one purpose that they not only can have but that we can assume they all do have as a matter of natural necessity. This purpose is happiness† (Kant, 1785, p. 20). Kant, however, finds happiness as an ambiguous feeling. He says, â€Å"The concept of happiness is so indefinite that, although each person wishes to attain it, he can never give a definite and self-consistent account of what it is that he wishes and wills under the heading of wanting happiness† (Kant, 1785, p. 21). A person’s perception of happiness is dependent on his experiences in life. A person might feel that wealth will give him happiness; someone else may want knowledge while those who feel that life itself gives pleasure may wish to have long life. However, they may not know with wealth comes anxiety in them and envy and maneuverings of others; which make the person unhappy. Knowledge may show a person the dreadfulness of evils which he was ignorant of and hence scare him. Long life accompanied with continuous illness is a burden more than a boon. Hence they may not feel as happy as the imagined on their achievement. Additionally, if a person pursues happiness, he can only get bits and pieces of advice which may be frugality, diet, restraints etc. and not detailed guiding principles as we have in case of moral laws. To explain the path of actual happiness, Kant (1785) mentions, â€Å"the completed idea of happiness requires the thought of an absolute whole—the thought of a maximum of well-being in my present and in every future condition† (p. 21). Kant (1785) adds, â€Å"There couldn’t be an imperative that in the strict sense commanded us to do what makes for happiness, because happiness is an ideal not of reason but of imagination, depending only on empirical grounds. (p. 22). Thus, a person will achieve what he imagines as happiness, depends on several factors that can impact his future states and that there is not even remote possibility that he will take up a single action that can deviate him from his mission of complete happiness. In any scenario, it is not possible for a human being to have the kind of foresight and capability to plan and achieve his sources of happiness in such a manner. Hence he can never be happy as understood in a common man’s language. Kant has expla ined that an action based on impulse to satisfy one’s feelings cannot always be right. Such an action that is motivated by some sort of inclination can never be based on moral laws. Also, what makes a person happy can be cause of other person’s unhappiness. It cannot be ethical to make another human being unhappy. Thus Kant has explained the meaning of happiness in a manner that it does not play any role in the ethical system. Alternatively he has chosen to define happiness as the end purpose of any human being’s life and not an ethic. He says: Humanity might survive even if

Effect of Ionic Pollution on Aerosol Nucleation

Effect of Ionic Pollution on Aerosol Nucleation EFFECT OF IONIC POLLUTION ON AEROSOL NUCLEATION  AND CLOUD FORMATION ABSTRACT Atmospheric aerosol particles have a strong impact on the global climate and that is the main reason for many observed events of new aerosol formation being not understood. Forwarding, to explain these events one of the theory put is that the presence of ions can enhance the formation of aerosols in the atmosphere. This theory is called ion induced nucleation and in this paper, the state of observations and theory within the field is reviewed. While evidence for ion induced nucleation is accumulating the exact mechanism is still not known and more research is required to understand and quantify the effect. Keywords: Atmospheric aerosols, climate change, ion nucleation, nucleation rate, bulk nucleation Shivani Avasthi Deptt. Of Physics, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad U.P. [emailprotected] INTRODUCTION The role of ions in the production of aerosols is among the least understood, but potentially is an important process in the Earth’s atmosphere. Observation has shown that the nucleation of aerosol particles can occur under conditions that cannot be explained by classical nucleation theory [8]. Several ideas have been put forward to solve this nucleation problem, e.g. ion-induced nucleation [11, 13]. However, experimental investigations exploring the role of ions in particle production are scarce and often at conditions far removed from those relevant for the lower part of the atmosphere [1]. Since production rates at the size of 3 nm were observed to be 1–10 cm-3s-1, and numerical simulations yielded nucleation rates of initial stable clusters (approx. 1 nm) around 0.1–1 cm-3s-1, it is suggested that ions are active in continuously generating a reservoir of small thermodynamically stable clusters that can then rapidly grow in the presence of condensable vapours [9, 10, 12]. These results demonstrate that ions probably play an important role in the production of new aerosol particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. The chemical composition of aerosols is widely varied from largest size of fine mineral dust, to soot, to sulphate and nitrate salts. Human activities, especially fossil fuel burning, produce a lot of aerosols. In general, aerosols are more abundant over continents than over the oceans, which have consequences in form of the clouds that form there. Because aerosols interact with radiation and are crucial to cloud formation, they can strongly affect climate. Not all aerosol particles can be used to form a cloud droplet: certain criteria apply. Those aerosols meeting these criteria are called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). There are 2 types of aerosol which can act as CCN: The aerosol is insoluble but wettable (or hydrophilic), and sufficiently large. A surface is wettable when water collects on it in a thin film rather than bunching into drops (the opposite of a wettable surface is called hydrophobic, the classic example being a well-waxed car). 2. The other way for an aerosol to act as a CCN is for it to be soluble and large enough. Though there is still a size restriction, it is much less stringent than in the previous case. Because there are many more small aerosols than larger ones, this is the most common way for cloud droplets to form. Aerosols are present throughout the atmosphere and affect Earth’s climate directly through backscattering of sunlight and indirectly by altering cloud properties [4]. A ternary nucleating agent such as ammonia has been proposed to enhance the nucleation process by stabilizing early cluster formation [14]. Another possibility is that ions, produced mainly by galactic cosmic rays, can play an important role to give out the observed nucleation rates [13]. In this paper the role of ions in aerosol nucleation is reviewed. Two areas: Theory and Experimental studies are described in separate sections. In theory section, the various theories are mentioned to understand the nucleation. Experimental studies covers all measurements performed in the atmosphere from studies of the general behaviour of ions to particle nucleation observations where the role of ions is considered. This section also describes laboratory measurements from nucleation events to investigations of single reactions. Finally the state of the field is summarized. THEORITICAL APPROACHES A competition between the growth and evaporation of molecular clusters is called as Nucleation. For a stable cluster to be formed an initial energy barrier must be overcome – this barrier is due to the surface tension of the cluster. The height of this barrier is determined by the temperature and concentration of the nucleating species. There are several good introductions to nucleation theory as mentioned by Curtius [2]. This section deals with how the addition of an electrical charge alters the nucleation process. Thermodynamic theory The classical approach to bi- molecular homogeneous nucleation uses thermodynamics for the nucleation rate J is given as J = J0 exp (-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G*/kT) (1) where the pre exponential factor J0 = (2 ÏÆ' /Ï€ m)1/2 Ï 2v /Ï l depends upon the kinetics of the system and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G* is the free energy of formation of the critical cluster (the required cluster size to overcome the energy barrier), k is the Boltzmann’s constant, T the temperature, Ï v is the density of the supersaturated vapour , m is the mass of monomer molecules, Ï l the bulk liquid density. Kinetic theory One of the first kinetic models was developed by Yu et al. [17] in order to simulate exhaust plumes from aeroplanes. Coagulation processes were so fast that the thermodynamic solution did not apply and the evolution of heat in the plumes resulted in very high ion concentrations. Coagulation, condensation and evaporation were treated, and neutral, positive, and negative clusters were examined from 0.56 nm up to 0.56 ÃŽ ¼m size with individual bins for the first five molecules and bin sizes increasing by 20% per bin. All the parameters used were calculated from theory. It was concluded by the theory that the effect of changing ion concentration is highest when the ion production and Fig. 1- Gibbs free Energy barrier (Curtius, [2]) the pre-existing aerosol surface are low to begin with and when condensable gas concentrations are high. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Ion nucleation A review of atmospheric ion formation and different mechanisms for nucleation via ions was given by Harrison [6]. Large positive cluster ions (mass 2500 amu) were detected in the upper troposphere for the first time in 2002 using a large ion mass spectrometer [3]. The most common ions measured were composed of water, acetone, and a proton. Two larger modes were also detected. The lesser of these could be explained by the uptake of sulphuric acid but there were insufficient amounts of condensable gases to explain the largest measured particles by any other means than attachment of small aerosols to the ion clusters. The required concentration of these aerosols was 2.5 * 104 cm-3 and their presence could not be explained by homogeneous nucleation, which strongly indicated that the ions participated in the formation of clusters. The particles formed during a nucleation event were overcharged with negative ions indicating the participation of negative ion chemistry in the nucleation process. However little change in the number of small cluster ions (stable ions with a diameter of (~1.5 nm) was observed during the events, contrary to what would be expected from ion-induced nucleation (INU). This was possibly due to mixing of air parcels or a decrease in the ion condensation sink to other particles previous to the events. An instrument to measure the charged fraction of particles in nucleation events has been developed by Laakso et al. [7]. Particles were passed through a charger that could be turned on and off, and the size distribution was then determined by a differential mobility particle size counter with a switchable polarity to measure either positive or negative ions. A charged fraction above the expected equilibrium was detected in many cases indicating a contribution from INU. Negative overcharging was more common than positive. In order to test the theories and understand what to look for in field studies it is necessary to do experiments under controlled conditions. There are three main approaches to experimental investigation of INU. One approach explains the ion nucleation. Second approach operates on a macroscopic level trying to determine the influence of ions on bulk nucleation. The second approach is to investigate the molecular reactions taking place in an attempt to understand each step in the mechanism of particle formation. Bulk nucleation The first of this kind of experiments are the ones conducted by Wilson [16] where an expansion chamber was exposed to various kinds of ionizing radiation, and an increase in density of the resulting fog was reported. With the advent of particle counters more detailed studies became possible, and the relation between generated particles and radiation doses of alpha rays, beta rays, and x-rays were reported [10]. The doses used were from 1 to 15 rads forming ion concentrations orders of magnitude above atmospheric levels, and using this span of doses the particle production rate was increased by more than a factor of 100. Molecular reaction By investigating directly the molecules involved in the nucleation process more information about details of the mechanism may be revealed. It was found that the mole fraction of sulphuric acid approached that of neutral clusters with increasing cluster size [15]. Small negative clusters had more sulphuric acid than neutrals and the small positive clusters had less. The clusters did not grow to the sizes expected from the rate of collision between clusters and sulphuric acid, meaning that detachment of sulphuric acid played an important role. It was also shown that growth was more effective for negative than for positive clusters. A later study using the same setup determined the hydration constants for the clusters and using the obtained data together with data from Froyd et al. [5], the authors simulated the obtained mass spectra. SUMMARY Evidence for the importance of ions in aerosol nucleation is accumulating. We have shown above experimental studies, as well as the theoretical formulations which indicate that INU is a real effect, even under atmospheric conditions. In some studies the effect of ions is seen directly [12]. Some of the studies presented here indicate that the contribution from INU is just a few percent, compared to other nucleation mechanisms [7]. On the other hand there are also studies which point to ions as being a dominant source of new particles [18]. Models also do not agree where in the atmosphere INU can take place [9].The main question being whether it can happen in the boundary layer or not, and more data is required to improve the theories. One major obstacle to overcome in order to quantify the effect of INU is to determine the exact mechanism. It is well established that sulphate species play an important role, however the participation of other compounds cannot be ruled out. However, more investigations under atmospheric conditions are required to confirm and quantify the effect at varying temperatures and pressures. To further elucidate the potential impact on cloud formation, growth from freshly nucleated particles to cloud droplets must be investigated. REFERENCES. [1] Bricard, J., F. Billard, G. Madelaine: Formation and evolution of nuclei of condensation that appear in air initially free of aerosols, J. Geophys. Res. 73(1968) 4487– 4496. [2] Curtius, J.: Nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles, C. R Phys. 7(2006), 1027-1045. [3] Eichkorn, S., F. Arnold, R. Busen: Massive positive and negative ions in the exhaust of an aircraft jet engine at ground-level: mass distribution measurement and implications for aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002), 1821–1825. [4] Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing in climate change, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007, 171–180. [5] Froyd, K. D. and E. R. Lovejoy: Experimental Thermodynamic of Cluster ions, J. Phys. Chem. A 107(2003 a), 9812–9824. [6] Harrison, R. G.: Cloud Formation and the possible significance of charge for atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000), 381–396. [7] Laakso, L., A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala: Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(2007), 1333– 1345. [8] Lee, S.H., J. M. Reeves, J. C. Wilson: Particle formation by ion nucleation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Science 301 (2003), 1886–1889. [9] Lovejoy, E. R., J. Curtius, K. D. Froyd: Atmospheric ion induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, J. Geophys. Res. 109 D (2004), 8204–8214. [10] Megaw, W. J. and R. D. Wiffen: The generation of condensation nuclei by ionizing radiation, Pure Appl. Geophys. 50(1961), 118–128. [11] Raes, F., A. Janssens, R. Van Dingenen: The role of ion-induced aerosolformation in the lower atmosphere, J. Aerosol Sci. 17 (1986), 466–470. [12] Svensmark, H., J. Pedersen, M. B. Enghoff: Experimental evidence for the role of ion in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 463 (2007), 385–396. [13] Turco, R., P. Zhao, F. Yu: A new source of tropospheric aerosols: Ion-ion recombination, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998), 635– 638. [14] Weber, R. J., P. H. McMurry, L. Mauldin: A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species, J. Geophys. Res. 103(1998), 16385–16396. [15] Wilhelm, S. D. and F. Arnold: Ion-induced aerosol formation: new insights from laboratory measurements of mixed cluster ions, Atmos. Environ. 38(2004), 1734–1744 [16] Wilson, C. T. R.: The Effect of R ¨ontgen’s Rays on Cloudy Condensation, Proc. Roy. Soc. 59 (1895), 338–339. [17] Yu, F. and R. P. Turco: The formation of aerosols in stratospheric aircraft plumes: Numerical simulations and comparisons with observations, J. Geophys. Res. 103(2008), 25915– 25934. .

Analysis of Raleghs Nature, that washed her hands in milk Essay

Analysis of Ralegh's "Nature, that washed her hands in milk" Nature, that washed her hands in milk† can be divided structurally into two halves; the first three stanzas constitute the first half, and the last three stanzas make up the second half. Each stanza in the first half corresponds to a stanza in the second half. The first stanza describes the temperament of Nature, who is, above all, creative. This first stanza of the first half corresponds to stanza four, the first stanza in the second half of the poem. Stanza four divulges the nature of Time, who, unlike Nature, is ultimately a destroyer. Time is introduced as the enemy of Nature, and Ralegh points out that not only does Nature â€Å"despise† Time, she has good reason for it (l. 19). Time humiliates her: he â€Å"rudely gives her love the lie,/Makes Hope a fool, and Sorrow wise† (20-21). The parallel between the temperaments of Nature and Time is continued in stanzas two and five. Stanza two describes the mistress that Nature makes for Love. This mistress, who is made of â€Å"snow and silk† instead of earth, has features that are easily broken (3). Each external feature is individually fragile: her eyes are made of light, which cannot even be touched, her breath is as delicate as a violet, and she has â€Å"lips of jelly† (7-8). Her demeanor is unreliable, as well; it is made â€Å"Only of wantonness and wit† (12). It is no surprise that all of the delicate beauty Nature creates in stanza two is destroyed by Time in stanza five. Time â€Å"dims, discolors, and destroys† the creation of Nature, feature by feature (25-26). Stanzas three and six complete the parallel. In the third stanza, the mistress is made, but in her is â€Å"a heart of stone† (15). Ralegh points out that her charm o... ...s known to outlast flesh once a body has died. Time spoils the insides of the mistress, as well; he â€Å"doth dull each lively wit,/And dries all wantonness with it† (29-30). The poet’s preservation of the order of creation and demolition helps to present Time as a methodical destructive force. Time is in no hurry to get rid of the mistress or beauty, but he certainly will perform his task to completion. Careful word choices and syntax aid Ralegh’s depiction of Time, as well. Reading â€Å"Nature, that washed her hands in milk† feels like a lesson and a story at the same time because the syntax is short and to the point. Each stanza ends with a rhyming couplet, giving a self-contained feeling to each phrase, which lends to the aphoristic feel of the poem. Both Ralegh’s plain style and his use of parallel structure serve as vehicles to convey the meaning of his poem.

Economy and Global Warming Essay

The global warming is viewed as dangerous process not only according to the environmental issues. Now it is often viewed in regards with its impact on the economy. Recently it was claimed that the increase of the rate of global warming led to the higher damage costs. Among the main tasks of the economics of global warming is estimation of the economic costs of global warming, their evaluation and distribution as well as evaluation of the cost of the actions, which are devised for fighting the global warming process. In this process economists rely on the data obtained from the number of sources. The newest findings and current data are discussed at a number of annual conferences and meetings. In April 2007 there was an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) conference. Representatives of over 120 nations were present there is order to discuss the ways of mitigation of the global warming process as well as economic and societal costs of these actions. As the result of the conference there was an approval of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. The main idea of this report is that benefits of mitigation of global warming are worth all the mitigation costs incorporated in this process (Coleman, 2007). Economic impacts of global warming First of all I’d like to set the discussion and explain why the question of the global warming is so topical for the economists. During the last few decades there were a number of researches focusing on the economic damage of the global warming. As the result of these researches there appeared a number of reports on the aggregate net economic costs of damages caused by the global warming and the climate change. These costs are usually defined in terms of the social cost of carbon (SCC), which can be defined as the estimation of the future expenses of the world economies caused by the global warming from carbon dioxide emissions, which are done in the present. Thus, according to numerous reports SCC in 2005 was estimated as US$ 43 per tonne of carbon (tC) (IPCC Summary for policymakers, 2007) Very valuable idea of the influence of global warming on the economy was provided by Professor Robert O. Mendelsohn of Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies in Copenhagen Consensus: A series of studies on the impacts of climate change have systematically shown that the older literature overestimated climate damages by failing to allow for adaptation and for climate benefits. These new studies imply that impacts depend heavily upon initial temperatures (latitude). Countries in the polar region are likely to receive large benefits from warming, countries in the mid-latitudes will at first bene fit and only begin to be harmed if temperatures rise above 2. 5C. Only countries in the tropical and subtropical regions are likely to be harmed immediately by warming and be subject to the magnitudes of impacts first thought likely. Summing these regional impacts across the globe implies that warming benefits and damages will likely offset each other until warming passes 2. 5C and even then it will be far smaller on net than originally thought† (Mendelson, 2007). Valuable findings were presented in the report of Chief Economist and Senior Vice-President of the World Bank Nicholas Stern known as ‘The Stern Review† published in 2006. In this repost Nicolas Stern claims that if no actions are undertaken climate change will produce a very negative influence on economic growth (Peston, 2006). According to Stern’s findings there is a possibility of recession up 20 % of global GDP in case no mitigation of global warming is undertaken. In order to be able to prevent this nations should join their forces for the sake of investing 1 % of global GDP for fighting the negative impact of global warming process (Stern, 2007). Cost estimates According to IPCC TAR (Synthesis Report) annual mitigation costs range from $78 billion to $1141 billion, which constitute from 0. 2 % up to 3. 5 % of present-day world GDP. However, the researchers also realize that some nations of the world are unable to contribute to the mitigation of global warming due to the low level of their economic development. If the burden of mitigation is placed only on more economically-powerful nations, they should donate approximately 0. 3 % – 4. 5 % of their GDP. This percent is high, however, as the researchers state due to the constant economic growth of the world economies, this percentage will decrease with time. One more estimation was done in terms of cost per tonne of carbon emission avoided, which is said to be from $ 18 to $ 80 (House of Lords, 2005). The mitigation costs are every country’s concern. Moreover, according to Lord Peter Levene, chairman of Lloyd’s of London, it is essential that every company should include in its risk analysis the threat of climate change (Business Insurance, 2007). Benefits Numerous researchers tried to estimate the cost of the benefits from the mitigation of global warming. Thus, according to the report of Nordhaus and Boyer based on the Kyoto Protocol the benefits from mitigation for world economies would constitute approximately $ 120 billion. However, this benefit is not accepted by all researchers. McKibbin and Wilcoxen for example state that there cost benefits are too low. They state that in spite of the fact that â€Å"other studies reach similar conclusions, the emissions targets agreed in the Kyoto Protocol are irreconcilable with economic rationality†. In this idea they support the other researcher – Tol, who has the same viewpoint ( McKibbin & Wilcoxen, 2002). On the contrary to the findings of the Kyoto Protocol, the estimates of benefits as stated in Stern Review are much higher and constitute approximately 5 up to 20 % of GDP. The difference is of course very considerable. However, it was stated that benefits depend on the number of factors. Among the most essential of these factors are the discount rate, the use of welfare weighting for positive influence on poor nations of the world, a greater emphasis on the negative impact on the natural environment and the application of the newest scientific estimates of this negative influence (Stern, 2007). However, it should be mentioned that the benefits of the mitigation actions are not limited solely to environmental improvement. They have a number of other concealed benefits, which depend on the application of definite technologies. For example, in case the technologies aiming at the reduction of oil use are applied, this will produce great benefits for the country economy due to the lower influence of oil price rises on the economy. This is a very valuable benefit for a number of countries, which are currently importing oil and experience great economic losses from oil price rises (IPCC Summary for Policy Makers, 2007). One more concealed benefit of mitigation actions is connected with the problem of deforestation. Once it is stopped, this will produce considerable benefits due to the increase of biodiversity, tourism promotion, benefits for indigenous people, greater possibilities for research and even in some cases this could save money otherwise spent on protective actions against extreme weather events (Stern, 2007). Optimal strategies for mitigation One of the most essential questions is the relation to the topic of mitigation of the negative impact of global warming on the world economy is the question of the possible strategies, which can be applied in this process. It was estimated that definite financial and technological strategies could be the best for the elimination of the harmful impact of greenhouse gas on the environment. Among these financial and technological strategies I’d like to name the following ones: Trading of carbon emissions Application of the carbon tax Better regulation technologies Application of the hybrid systems of user and permits fees Improvement of energy efficiency Development of nuclear power and renewable energy sectors aiming at decrease of carbon emission (Board on Natural Disasters, 1999). It was stated in numerous researches that these actions, especially is taken in combination, will produce the greatest influence on the mitigation of the global warming and climate change and thus will be beneficial for the world economies. Cost distribution One more question under discussion is the distribution of costs associated with fighting global warming. It is obvious that the costs and benefits cannot be distributed evenly. Mitigation costs are distributed unevenly both between the countries and inside each particular country. This differentiation is greatly due to the existence of the following factors: low-lying countries have a greater risk of floods, so they are more concerned with the issues of the global warming and its mitigation is more beneficial for them; – other countries, which are particularly at risk of the negative impact of global warming are African countries, which is greatly due to the increased drought typical for these areas. Definitely, mitigation of climate change and global warming is extremely beneficial for them, however, they are unable to contribute a lot to the mitigation actions due to the low economical development; poor countries contribute less to mitigation actions but due to the low level of technologies and science they are the main ones who emit greenhouse gasses and pollute the environment (Peston, 2006). Inter-relationships It is obvious that fighting global warming and climate change should be a concern of all countries of the world and they should join their forces and distribute expenses associated with this more or less evenly. Bastianoni claims that there exists great difference in methodologies applied for the defining the responsibility of each country for greenhouse gas emissions. In this respect I’d like to name the following: – the geographical approach, which is based on the IPCC guidelines for GHG inventory; – the consumer responsibility approach, which is grounded on the Ecological Footprint methodology; – the Carbon Emission Added (CEA) approach, which has much in common with the Value Added Tax accounting (Bastianoni, 2004). Due to this differentiation in methodologies we can observe great difference in application of the responsibility of each country for emissions of greenhouse gasses, which has a consequent influence on the design of the policy of mitigation. Reports on Economy and Global Warming In regards with the actions of the world community aimed at the mitigation of the global warming I’d like to name two major reports, defining possible losses from the climate change and benefits of mitigation of global warming as well as regulating economic policies aiming at fighting these processes. The first report under discussion is the Kyoto Protocol. This is an agreement, which was made during the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The main idea of the Kyoto Protocol is the actions aimed conducted by the countries, which aim at the reduction of emission of carbon dioxide and other five gases contributing to the global warming, and engagement in trading of emissions (Buonanno, Carraro & Galeotti, 2003). The Kyoto Protocol is genially international. Now it joins over 170 countries, which constitute 60 % of all countries, all over the world in common concern of mitigation global warming and climate change. Till November 2007 only the US, Australia and Kazakhstan did not join this process and did not ratify the act. The Kyoto Protocol is a long-time plan, which is in valid till the end of 2012. However, it doesn’t mean that the actions, started by this treaty will end after 2012. Most likely the Kyoto Protocol policies will be continued through some other treaty (Malakunas, 2007). United Nations Environment Program explained the main essence and policies of the Kyoto Protocol in the press release: The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5. 2 % compared to the year 1990 (but note that, compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this limitation represents a 29 % cut). The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs – calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12. National limitations range from 8 % reductions for the European Union and some others to 7 % for the US, 6 % for Japan, 0 % for Russia, and permitted increases of 8 % for Australia and 10 % for Iceland (Crichton, 2003). Of course, as any other policy The Kyoto Protocol has its supporters and critics. Support The main idea of the supporters of the Kyoto Protocol is that it is very important for the whole world due to the fact that it is aimed at the establishment of the policies and actions mitigating global warming and fighting climate change. Of course the main supporters of the protocol are the governments of the countries, who signed it with the European Union being the most prominent and active supporter. Among the other actions, which show the compliance to the main ideas of the Kyoto Protocol, is the claim of several Canadian corporations, which also reported their support of the mitigation of global warming and stated that the Kyoto Protocol would be only a first step in this process (Global Warming: What is it? , 2007) Opposition However, the Kyoto Protocol has also raised a wave of opposition. The first group of critics maintains the critical idea towards the existence of the global warming and climate change processes at all. The believe that the Kyoto Protocol was design just for the sake of making the process of money shift to the third world easier and argue that with useless spending of money will slow the economic and technological growth of the powerful countries of the world, who will try to solve the problem which never existed instead of investing money to the development of their economies (Lockwood & Frohlich, 2007). The other critics support the necessity of the actions for mitigation of global warming, however, they either believe that the expenses will outweigh the benefits or consider that goals established by the Kyoto Protocol are unattainable and far too optimistic and won’t change the situation with the global warming and climate change considerably (Houghton, Ding, Griggs, 2001).

Free Essays on Illiad

Homer’s epic, the Iliad, cam be depicted as a horrible, bloody war or a celebration of heroism brought about by the great soldiers of the Achaeans and Trojans. Many people die in vain because of arrogant and emotional decisions made by men. The war also brings out the heroic qualities of the men fighting against each other. The Iliad is one of the greatest Greek writings of all times showing both the brutality and heroism of war. The Iliad shows the brutality of war by the many unkindly deaths throughout the epic. Homer describes many deaths in violent, anatomic detail. The plague that Agamemnon brought upon the Achaeans is one example of the brutality of war. The plague was made because of a selfish Achilles. Other examples would be by the way Patroclus and Hector is killed. Apollo kills Patroclus because of his honor for Achilles. Hector is brutally killed by Achilles because of the death of his dear friend Patroclus. Hectors body was treated so badly after his death that it was an insult to him. Like all wars, most of the deaths serve as a purpose of showing the reader that no death is insignificant or easy. The characters of the Iliad have different ways of showing heroism. In the time of the Trojan War, there was an unwritten code of heroic conduct that the bravest warriors followed. Hector is a hero in his own way. Although he died in a very dreadful way, the Trojans all celebrated him as a great hero of their time. The Greeks also treat Patroclus as a hero after his death. He was given a great celebration in his honor. Achilles was possibly the most valued hero of Greek time. When Priam begs Achilles for Hectors body, they share moment of realization of what has been lost to the long war. Surprisingly, Achilles agrees to return Hectors body so he can have a proper burial. Throughout the poem, Achilles, Hector, and Patroculus all became more mature, which is why we can look back at them as being the grea... Free Essays on Illiad Free Essays on Illiad Homer’s epic, the Iliad, cam be depicted as a horrible, bloody war or a celebration of heroism brought about by the great soldiers of the Achaeans and Trojans. Many people die in vain because of arrogant and emotional decisions made by men. The war also brings out the heroic qualities of the men fighting against each other. The Iliad is one of the greatest Greek writings of all times showing both the brutality and heroism of war. The Iliad shows the brutality of war by the many unkindly deaths throughout the epic. Homer describes many deaths in violent, anatomic detail. The plague that Agamemnon brought upon the Achaeans is one example of the brutality of war. The plague was made because of a selfish Achilles. Other examples would be by the way Patroclus and Hector is killed. Apollo kills Patroclus because of his honor for Achilles. Hector is brutally killed by Achilles because of the death of his dear friend Patroclus. Hectors body was treated so badly after his death that it was an insult to him. Like all wars, most of the deaths serve as a purpose of showing the reader that no death is insignificant or easy. The characters of the Iliad have different ways of showing heroism. In the time of the Trojan War, there was an unwritten code of heroic conduct that the bravest warriors followed. Hector is a hero in his own way. Although he died in a very dreadful way, the Trojans all celebrated him as a great hero of their time. The Greeks also treat Patroclus as a hero after his death. He was given a great celebration in his honor. Achilles was possibly the most valued hero of Greek time. When Priam begs Achilles for Hectors body, they share moment of realization of what has been lost to the long war. Surprisingly, Achilles agrees to return Hectors body so he can have a proper burial. Throughout the poem, Achilles, Hector, and Patroculus all became more mature, which is why we can look back at them as being the grea...

Sound Scripting - Word Stress and Intonation

Sound Scripting - Word Stress and Intonation Word stress and intonation within sentences is very important to correct English pronunciation. In Mark Powells book Presenting in English, there are sound scripting exercises which help learners become more expressive by taking sentence intonation skills to the next level. These examples use a method of bolding key content words and CAPITALIZING the most important words chosen for the best emotional impact. This starts off with a simple sentence paragraph that an intermediate student might use to practice and ends with a more advanced selection that is typical of a presentation. Paragraph 1 Our school is the best in town. The teachers are friendly, and very knowledgeable about English. Ive studied at the school for two years and my English is becoming very good. I hope you will visit our school and try an English class. Maybe we can become friends, too! Paragraph 1 With Sound Scripting Markup Our school is the BEST in town. The teachers are friendly, and VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE about English. Ive studied at the school for two years and my English is becoming VERY GOOD. I hope you will visit our school and try an English class. MAYBE we can become FRIENDS! Listen to Example Paragraph 2 In this day and age, facts, statistics, and other numbers are used to prove everything. Intuition, gut feelings and personal preferences are all out the door. Of course, there are some who are trying to battle this trend. Recently, Malcolm Gladwell wrote Blink, a best-seller which explores the usefulness of making split-second decisions based on intuition rather than careful consideration of all the facts and figures. In this book, Gladwell argues that initial impressions - or gut-feelings - are quite rational. However, that this split-second thinking process moves faster than what we usually associate with thinking. If you are one of these people - and there are many of us - Blink provides proof that youre actually quite a rational human being. Paragraph 2 With Sound Scripting Markup In this day and age, facts, statistics and other numbers are used to prove EVERYTHING. Intuition, gut feelings and personal preferences are all OUT THE DOOR. Of course, there ARE some who are trying to battle this trend. Recently, Malcolm Gladwell wrote BLINK, a best-seller which explores the USEFULNESS of making SPLIT-SECOND DECISIONS based on INTUITION rather than careful consideration of all the facts and figures. In his book, Gladwell argues that INITIAL IMPRESSIONS - or GUT-FEELINGS - are quite rational. However, that this split-second thinking process moves FASTER than what we usually associate with thinking. If YOU are one of these people - and there are MANY of us - Blink provides PROOF that youre actually quite a RATIONAL HUMAN BEING. Listen to Example You can  practice this type of exercise further with help from our lesson on using a focus word to help with English pronunciation in general.

Develop a consumer behaviour report to be submitted to the M.D of a Essay

Develop a consumer behaviour report to be submitted to the M.D of a fashion clothing brand of your choice to outline the key issues facing the company in terms - Essay Example The Armani brand has a diverse appeal because it has line catering for special groups. Some of these consumers include the mature classy kind, young trendy consumers, children, wealthy and middle income consumers. The fashion industry is a competitive industry. There are a number of industries that could be viewed as Armani’s competitors. Some of these include; Christian Dior who has received acclamation for depth in his designs, Yves Saint Laurent has received acclamation for modernity in their designs, in 2006 they incorporated Asian themes in their clothing lines. Gucci received an award for being the highest selling brand from Italy in the year 2006. Gucci has acquired a reputation in the music industry by securing a market there. Gucci also made smoking tuxedos last fall. The clothing line is located all over the world. This implies that there is a wide client base for the company. Economies in those countries are improving and the need for clothes has increased. This means that the market is quite receptive at this moment. It is highly valued in Hollywood and fashion generally. It earns three billion euros to prove this point. It has a number of challenges that include: overstretching the line by venturing into too many products, having a strong personality behind the line- he may pass away and leave the brand hanging; it also has too many lines that may appear as if they are offering the same products. Armani Collezioni: this is the second most expensive clothing line in the Armani brand. This product focuses on the more mature consumer who is not looking for ‘hip’ clothes but prefers classy ones. The line is sold in various high profile department stores like David Jones and Harvey Nichols. Emporio Armani: this clothing line focuses on younger consumers. It offers a variety of trendy wear like jeans and t-shirts. It is an intermediate line that is not too expensive or too available either. It is found in boutiques and departmental

The Ginge Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Ginge Industry - Essay Example The demand for space has driven exploration and globalization. Its value has not just been recognized economically but also socially as an element of culture and scientifically for its potential in pharmacology and medicine. Considering the Europe naval race for the Asian spice islands which laid the foundation for imperialism in the 14th and 15th century, there is no doubt that it is an industry of world importance. One of the spices that have figured well in the spice trade is ginger, a spice that seems inconsequential today but was once considered as an indication of class and culture (Hutton & Cassio 2003). Estimates of the global spice industry have been generally positive, growing by about 5% since 1998 (Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO] 2005). The industry is dominated by India followed by Indonesia and China, which is exhibiting the most significant growth in recent years (see Appendix A). Spice production in Thailand from 1998 to 2001 list garlic, ginger, hot pepper, chili pepper, shallot, clove and pepper as key products (â€Å"Ginger† 2003). In previous years, there has been a focus on peppers because of rising in world prices. However, subsequent declines in global indices have also been credited for the deceleration of the industry. Appendix A also documents the 2001 standing of the Thai spice industry worldwide. Based on estimates done by the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MAC), it estimates the value of the industry to US$19.36 million in 2001 (FAO 2005). As seen in Appendix B, pepper cultivation represents the bulk of spice production in country. Thus, though there has been decline in the price of the commodity, the size of its market supports its role as primary spice commodity for the country. The bulk of revenues from the trade of spices are supported significant domestic consumption but the main motivation for players in the Thai spice industry is to supply international demand. As seen in Appendix C, Thai spice exports make up the majority of total production. Ginger Cultivation and Trade China holds market leadership in the ginger category, 25% of the total world production, eclipsing spice trade leader India ("Ginger", 2003). However, though China ranks as the world's leader in production, export of ginger has been dominated by Japan. This is because much of China's production has been directed to its domestic markets (FAO 2005). Cultivation of ginger was

Investigate and asses the lives and work of the two Caribbean Essay

Investigate and asses the lives and work of the two Caribbean personalities who, in your opinion, made the greatest contribution to the development of thier own - Essay Example In 1975 he won this countrys lone medal Silver in the 100 metres at the Pan American Games in Mexico City, Mexico. The following year history was created when he won Trinidad and Tobagos first Gold Medal in the 100 metres at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada. [Regis, 1999] In 1975, Crawford was added to the team of American coach Bob Parks, who prepared Crawford excellently for the 100 m and 200 m events at the Montreal Olympics, running only a few races during the season. The tactics paid off, as Crawford won the 100 m, narrowly in front of Don Quarrie of Jamaica, winning Trinidad and Tobagos first Olympic gold medal. He had also qualified for the 200 m final, but pulled out due to an injury. Hasely Crawford ´s last success was a bronze medal in the 1978 Commonwealth Games (100 m). He did also participate in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics, the most participations for an Olympian of Trinidad and Tobago but didnt reach to a final again. In the year 2000 he was named the Trinidad & Tobago Athlete of the Millennium.Crawford is a national hero in his home country, Crawford has appeared on postage stamps and has an airplane and a sports stadium named after him. Hasely Crawford’s remarkable achievement are not only restricted to his sports field but also as a person who contributed a lot to his society and people through his social work. His social work as the Head Community Relation at National Gas Company at Trinidad and Tobago is outstanding. He has done a great job in maintaining relationships from different institutions and invested a great deal to enhance the cohesive work environment. [Bow on World Stage Can Put Marvin with His Nations Greats, 2006] Crawford was specially invited to attend the Athens Games by the World Olympians Association, a body of which he is the Trinidad and Tobago president. Crawford’s contribution as an athlete is quite worthy in a sense that Trinidad and Tobago Olympic Committee appointed him as

Importance of Events in Popular Music Essay Example for Free

Importance of Events in Popular Music Essay ‘How do we determine the importance of historical events in popular music?’ Why should we determine the importance of historical events in popular music? Whats important to one fan of an artist is completely different to the views from a fan of another artist. Its not just what makes the papers , magazines and tv that matters to fans. News about artists is broadcasted in many a way in todays world, mostly because ‘stars’ and their ‘goings on’ are more important to the general public than they have ever been before. people like to look up to artists or in most cases now look down on their drug abuse or outrageous behavior and bring back the reality that we are all the same and can all go through the same tough times. Music is the most favoured thing in alot of peoples lives today. Ipods and mp3 players are something that a vast majority of people carry around with them religiously and would feel empty without. Its only human that people are interested in what their favorite artist looks like, where they come from and their general background. This however has lead to artists lives being intruded and covered across various news feeds and social networks more than ever before. General public forget that there are infact 2 sides to an artist. The side that we see when we they are on tour and their natural human side. When they are on stage they are a musician. when they are not on stage they are classed as a celebrity whether they like it or not. Quote taken straight from the second line of wikipedia when the well known name ‘Amy Winehouse’ is searched ‘Winehouse is best known for her powerful contralto vocals, substance abuse and mental health issues’ On a website such as Wikipedia its their job to write a biography on famous people. They have to include stories from each persona. The person they are writing about is a celebrity and they are a celebrity for a reason. It’s wikipedia’s job to tell everyone who they are and how they got there. After reading the article on Amy it would seem that in some instances the fact that she has been caught smoking crack and been wandering round high in public in just her bra outweigh the better points about her career. Having then come across a ‘Talk’ page that gets raised if people aren’t happy with the way something is written it would seem my points were correct about this article ‘This article covers Winehouse being photographed bloody and bruised, high, wandering in public in a bra, drug overdoses, being recorded smoking crack; it covers her health issues, her brushes with the law, in fact, every thing that has occurred over last year and a half. That the article doesnt denigrate or make judgments or pronouncements about her attests to its neutrality, not a bias.’ Straight away in this article the writer makes reference to Amy’s ‘downfalls’ making this a more noticeable point to begin with. If someone had heard a song by Amy on the radio and decided they wanted to know more about her as an artist they would be immediately switched off by the statement ‘ best known for substance abuse and mental health issues’ this leaving an even bigger dent in a ruined fan base when the fact she had drug issues could have been kept as a minor point and concluded with the fact that that piece of news happened quite a while ago and she’s doing alot better and back in the studio recording her third album. But there’s also the argument that people need to know everything about her with it being a biography about a famous person. It would be bias of wikipedia to not mention the troubled aspects of her life aswell as her achievements in the music industry. There’s more news about artists going downhill than the fact their album may have been at number one for a matter of weeks because its what the public are eager to hear about. Writers are always looking for negative points to make about musicians as it gains kudos for them, the public love to gossip about others that are in a bad way and going through hell rather than gossiping about the fact someones been at number 1 for 10 consecutive weeks. It’s like some peoples lives depend on wether Winehouse has had another drug outrage and been forced into rehab again. We only knew Miss Winehouse for a short period of time before she was swept off the our headlines to rehab. This thought pattern lead me to thinking of an artist that had been round for a longer period of time that had gone through a rough patch before their career crumbled. If we look back to a piece of musical news I found online from the 60’s the way the articles are worded sound like the writer is writing the article with respect to the artist. Talking about what is happening to the artist at the time of course but in a way that is respectful and shows that the writer appreciates the problems that the artist in question is going through and has an appreciation for the music they make. â€Å"These two cats seem to add that final dimension that was missing before in Hendrixs live music. On the Are You Experienced album, he taped over his own rhythm guitar, so as to have some sort of melody to fall back on. Larry Lee now keeps it present all the time.† The writer makes reference to the good things that have happened. Things that have changed the way the certain musicians music is written and how it has come to benefit future material. The article in question is talking about Hendrix’s gigs and his backing band and does mention the drugs he was taking at the time. The writer consistently praises Jimi and his band and only makes reference to the drugs right at the end of the article of which consists of one line. ‘The drugs were found directly on top of clothes inside his luggage. Now who puts their stash right on top? Especially well-travelled freaks like Mr. Jimi, through border crossings. When he re ­ported to the Toronto medical exam ­ining board, his body was found clean and pure. Aint a trace a shit in Jimi; but the word-of-mouth-and-press was not so clean.’ Even when making reference to the drugs the writer details the happenings in a jokey way as if to say ‘Silly ‘Ol Jimi!’ like the writer was close to Jimi or really admired him. When relating this back to todays news about stars you can tell alot has changed in the way we really appreciate musicians. The public go through years of enjoyment from an artist and their music, relating songs to their personal experiences but as soon as the star does something even as minute as forgetting to put knickers on they are slated and the writer jumps to obsurd conclusions such as the star must have forgotten to put knickers on because they had been taking drugs or drinking copious amounts of alcohol. There’s no appreciation for the artist and no respect for the way the artist feels. Jimi Hendrix died of an apparent drug overdose on the 18th September 1970. It was the death of someone who had created the backbone of RB and rock music that musicians still use today. He created so many different techniques on the electric guitar that musicians class as basics or must haves today. The drug overdose that killed him is what has urged me to talk about Jimi. I was intrigued to see how writers spoke about him once he had gone and how people still remember him today. I wanted to see wether people remembered his celebrity side more or actually did remember him for the musical legend that he was and still is today. Drugs in the psychedelic 1960’s were used by many people for recreational reasons. LSD was the drug of the century, lots of other musicians used it and fans used it to enjoy music to its full potential. That was a regular occurrence in the 1960’s but after Jimi died of a drug overdose it becomes that little bit more concerning and people wanted to s tart digging for reasons as to why he’d want to kill himself. I dont want to be a clown anymore. I dont want to be a rock and roll star, Jimi says, emphatically. The forces of contention are never addressed but their pervasiveness has taken its toll on Jimis stamina and peace of mind. Trying to remain a growing artist when a business empire has nuzzled you to its bosom takes a toughness, a shrewdness† Note the fact Jimi states â€Å"star† when he speaks. He had had enough of the stardom that being a good musician brings. His story relates to Kurt Cobains story in the way that them being celebrities and their lives being invaded all the time got far too much for them. The clown part of the quote could link to the fact that clowns are a form of entertainment and people watch their every move when they are around. Jimi Enjoyed being a musician but was sick of people consistently following him around and he wasn’t able to get time to himself. â€Å"Lest anyone forget, Lea ­cock Pennebakers Monterey Pop has immortalized his pyromaniacal affair with the guitar. Rock media bedroom talk makes him King Stud of the groupies. Stories circulate that he is rude to audi ­ences, stands up writers, hangs up photographers, that he doesnt talk.† The way the writer speaks about this problem is in a respectable way, saying pop has ruined his relationship with his guitar. They don’t slate him for wanting to just be one side of the coin. Today musicians have two personas because it seems right to be that way. Music to them is work and its a shame that they have to be followed when they’re not doing their work. When anybody else finishes work they leave and become themselves again. There’s no rules when you’re yourself. You can drink where you like, say what you want, do whatever you like, wear what you want but being a musician has its limits. The public eye is always on you, you have to be wearing the right clothes whenever you leave the house and you have to look good when you leave the house. Today you can’t just be a musician, you’re a celebrity aswell and once the celebrity lifestyle has a hold of you there’s no turning back. Looking at other articles from the 1960’s it seems that alot more was accepted at the time. Drugs such as LSD, heroin, amphetamines and cannabis were widely used in the fan world and in the musical world. In todays world drugs are much less tolerated and forces crack down alot more on them. People have generally grown up knowing that drugs are bad and not acceptable and that you should never go near them. Back in the 1960’s people were persuading others to use recreational drugs to have a good time with them. With the case being that drugs were alot more accepted in the 1960’s writers at the time had less to write about musicians lives and more about the way they perform and the way their music is put together. Jimi Hendrix’s death was a turning point for popular music. A massive gap had to be filled and for years other artists have pioneered to become the new Jimi Hendrix, a true guitar hero. His death was so shocking that people still write about him and his achievements today. The music in the 60’s was so much more important than the stardom that people seek today which is why we remember Jimi Hendrix for his Music and Not his Drug abuse like Amy Winehouse.

Effect of Technology and Social Media on Conflict

Effect of Technology and Social Media on Conflict Jasmeen Lorna Laurence Sarvapriya Rajamanickam Tan Khang Le Wong Paik Yen Chow Jen Ni Joshua Low Wai Peng INTRODUCTION Interpersonal conflict occurs when an expressed struggle between two or more individuals who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals. Interpersonal conflict may take place on love relationships, family relationships and friend relationships, also, in the workplace. Nowadays, social network will be one of the reasons that conflict arise especially Facebook. When talking about Facebook, almost everyone around you would know what it is and they do have an account of it. There is no doubt that Facebook have such a convenience function of access to each other easily. People use Facebook to keep up their relationships with friends and others who study, work and live around them. Also, it is to share stories with the people in your life with what you really want them to know. Besides that, people like to post some stuff and always accompanying with the mind that how many likes and comments they would gain on the post in the end. This action represents the satisfaction of agreement that they want to own from others. Through this ‘connect and share function’, there have the misuse of it too. People who misuse Facebook may turn the relationships into crisis between one and others. There is no doubt when the disagreement or dissatisfaction from others on what you have posted on Facebook will lead you to a psychological development; you will feel depressed, angry or frustrated. In order to reduce conflict with others, it depends on how you deal with it associated with what type of conflict style you are in. We have interviewed three people to discuss about the conflict that they have been experienced on Facebook and how they dealt with it. CONTENT Topical Themes A topical theme is the pattern of conflicts that analyses the common topics each interviewee has. The first interviewee, Jarvis had a friendship conflict with one of his classmates. Jarvis uses his victim’s Facebook account for his own jokes; writing a status that is very hurtful about the other person when they forgot to log out. Examples are ‘I am so fat’, ‘OMG my face is so ugly’ and etc. This messages or statuses can be seen by all the victim’s friends and families. It might even lead to punishment or suspension by the victim’s parents if they thought their son or daughter said that. His friends were constantly commenting and teasing him. This bad behaviour leads the other party very angry and unhappy. This attitude involves being self-centred, not caring how others might feel. In his revenge, the victim did the same to Jarvis’s Facebook account writing mean stuff about Jarvis. Both parties fought about the conflict which lead s to a bigger argument. However in the end, the conflict was sorted out by revealing the person who writes those statues in order to avoid any misunderstandings. Both parties understood how it feels to be embarrassed and never to repeat this behaviour again. The second interviewee is a middle aged man named John. John experienced a conflict between his romantic partners. Almost every relationships struggle to overcome trust issues. For married couples, Facebook has become a barrier overcoming trust issues. When some husbands refuse to reveal their account password, their wife would suspect his husband doing unfaithful things behind her back. Those include cheating, dating and ‘romantic conversations’ with other women. This overthinking behaviour will lead to misunderstandings between husbands and wives, in conclusion having a bad impact on their relationships. However for some people, privacy is very important in maintaining relationships. Personal privacy strengthens both parties, results in a more happy and satisfied relationships. For John, it was only a misunderstanding between him and his wife, everything was sorted out and they lived happily. The conflict that the third interviewee faced is similar to the first interviewee. Veronica was also embarrassed by a friend that posted a status using her account. Family members and friends believed the content of her status but it wasn’t true about her. After that, she sent her a private message asking her friend to delete it immediately. But her friends already saw everything, and that did not get her way. Before that her emotions were affected by how people tease and laughed at her, but after that she ignores all the comments and responses. Her friend was also very sorry on what she did; Veronica forgave her act and wish it would not happen again. Escalation of conflict Escalation of conflict is how a conflict develops, from small arguments that lead to bigger arguments. The escalation of conflict for interviewee one is moderate escalation, which move from small fights to slightly bigger arguments. This can be seen where both parties did the same thing to hurt each other. They end up fighting and it became an argument where friends and families are able to see on their Facebook walls. Mean words such as stupid, idiot causes anger and hatred between parties, results in a lengthy argument. From a tiny mistake, to a playful thought then to a huge problem; so before using something that does not belong to ourselves, we have to think of the possible consequences. The escalation of conflict for interviewee two and three is very neutral. There was neither argument nor fights, problems were solved. Emotional responses Facebook is a worldwide known social networking site that has numerous advantages and disadvantages. Through Facebook, one can face both good and bad conflict. By being exposed to conflicts via this medium, a person can gain knowledge on the new types of conflict faced and the ways to manage it wisely without hurting both parties. Emotions are encountered when a person’s feelings and senses are provoked by even the slightest act. When it becomes too personal, we respond differently as our mind and thought changes without us realizing it. This is when we have to learn to control our emotions when we are facing conflicts as the reaction we respond is vital in determining whether the conflict will escalate or dispute. According to all our interviewees, they faced similar types of issues in Facebook where the other parties posted fake status or even commented negatively to them who were the victims. This results in various emotions running through the victims’ mind and they were mad at the moment of the incident as all their friends started to be judgmental towards them without knowing the true stories behind it. All they did was remaining calm and not acting out immediately without thinking twice. The first interviewee managed his conflict by investigating the culprit in the first place. The second interviewee ignored the negative comment that was sent by his friend whereas; the third interviewee confronted the person through sending messages in Facebook to the offender. Our interviewees handled their emotions well during conflict because they realized they were not doing any mistakes and they were in the right track. They were not carried away by behaving hastily where it could escalate th e conflict even worse. Hence, we should learn working with our own emotions by understanding them and practice expressing ourselves in a more accurate mode as it leads to a better conflict resolution and conflict is one major issue that has no end to it where is a lifelong process for us to develop our mental state. Conclusion To sum up, the topical theme of the interviewees that we have been interviewed is mainly about teasing by friends or gets some negative/judgmental comments on Facebook. Sometimes conflict created unconsciously when someone unintentionally making a joke on somebody or commenting on somebody status. This is the main reason of conflict arises. How we going to solve a conflict when conflict occurs? It depends on what conflict systems you are in, for example, avoidant system, collaborative system, and aggressive system. According to all of the interviewees, they have the similarity of escalation of conflict which has neutral escalation of conflict. They just act calm and ignored the negative comments or reveal their true feeling calmly to their friends in private. They are more into avoidant system or collaborative system. Additionally, conflict may also affect our emotion feeling when it’s happen. Refer to what our interviewees said, they will feel crazy at first when someone attack them, then, they will keep calm and think wisely to solve the conflict. Lastly, the consequences will escalate or de-escalate which follow by how they solve it. DISCUSSION Public Nature Facebook is one of the listed companies across the global and it is actually a social network where you use to communicate with each other and to make new friends. But, due to its status as a social networking site, it is wide open and nothing is really private when it comes to social networking because it does not included the privacy that we need. It will somehow affect the relationship between humans when doing something bad such as posting status about people or jealousy towards someone who commented on the person you are close too and so on. From the first interviewee that we have interviewed, the conflict that he encounters is that he wrote status which is sometimes funny or dirty and not to forget using someone’s Facebook account to post unwanted things when they forget to log out. He added that this is a bad behaviour as people may think that the person actually posted a status or things that are related to them that is untrue and will certainly judge them. Eventually, the other person would also start posting status about the other guy who posted those unwanted stuff at his Facebook page and there is where both of them fight and it lead to an argument which can be visible on their Facebook walls. This may affect the friendship between the both parties and possibility of ruining the friendship is high. By resolving the conflict that is going on, he reveals the person who wrote the status using the other person’s Facebook. The 2nd interviewee had seen bad conflicts on Facebook. He mentioned that people like to do negative comment on something they are supporting it and tend to be very harsh and very rude in words when they do not agree on something. For instance, people post a status toward the person they don’t like just to make them feel down. But instead of that, they should meet up and solve in properly. And some of the people at Facebook may flame the person who is already led down in the status which leads to make use of other person status to critic others. Another conflict that involves the husband and wife is the trust issue that is create through Facebook. If husband refused to hand out his password to the wife, the wife will have thought that the husband maybe hiding something from her and it will lead to misunderstanding even though there is nothing wrong, and sometimes when it comes to the worse, it may lead to divorce cases which destroy the marriage relationship because of such small matter. The second interviewee also added saying that somehow, there is people that can strengthen their relationship but as for some of the people who do not know how to manage this kind of conflict; it will lead to a bad ending in the relationship. The 3rd interviewee also encounter conflict where it is something similar with the first interviewee where her friend posted a status about her which is untrue and it was embarrassing for her as everyone who saw it including her family believed in the status. It did impa ct her emotionally but she and friend sat down and talk about it and the friend feel sorry for doing so. Power Play The definition of power which is also applied to all from the physical to the psychics is where â€Å"the ability to create change against the opposition. There are two types of power play which is active or passive. The active power play takes place when we usually get what we want when we presume resistance from another party. Meanwhile on passive power play are the connections we use when we resist the wish of other people. There is two powers that plays in these exchange which is the high power and the low power, high power is mostly the dominant of the conversation in here which have the power to convince people, the force that pushes his or her speech. They can do much more comparing to the low power people as the low power people do not really have the force and authority to fight back which they are lack of self-esteem. So with this, those with high power are likely to conquer and take over. For the dominant side of the conversation, they are holding up with their relational power of communication skills. As mention previously about the three interviewees both have either encounter or seen before conversion in the Facebook was taken over by the high power people as they have the conversational skills, their persuasive ability to persuade others about the untrue stuff mention towards the other person. CONCLUSION For those people who are trying to manage their conflict on Facebook, it is advisable to meet the other party face to face. If they can’t do so, it is important to talk things out in private. By posting your arguments or dissatisfaction about a matter in public will only create more problems. Kindly explain to them what bothers you. Make sure you figure out the main problem or objective. Communication is crucial in solving a conflict. They should talk to the other person about the problem maturely instead of bashing each other on Facebook. They shouldn’t get carried away with momentary misunderstanding. We cannot run away from conflicts on Facebook but we could actually prevent from getting involved in it such as not adding or confirming any unknown friends request and do not upload obscene photos of yours because some people might use it to manipulate you or use it for unrighteous reasons. Since everyone can see whatever you posted on Facebook, you should not post harsh words or anything that will humiliate someone. You may not realise that such status or comment may have great impact to the other party. If you have posted something hurtful, be brave enough to apologize and never repeat it. In business it is common when people try to pull you down, negative comments can hurt us but it is important to ignore those words because it will only demotivate you. Also, when managing conflict, rather than being angry, you should keep calm and analyse the matter wisely before taking any actions. Listen to what the other party have to say and always learn to forgive. Sometimes you may have misunderstood about a matter which isn’t about you at all because we humans are so paranoid about everything. Believe it or not the â€Å"I† statements can actually help to solve conflict better because the other party will see your side of the story without feeling accused or victimized. Put yourself in their place so that you could understand their feelings and point of views. Don’t ruin a friendship or relationship for an unreasonable misunderstanding.